2. bacteriophage:Category of viruses that infect bacterial cells.
3. cloning: Making a genetically identical copy of DNA or of an organism.
4. cytosine:Pyrimidine; one of the nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides.
5. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA):Of cells and many viruses, the molecule of inheritance. H bonds join its two helically twisted nucleotide strands, one for synthesizing all of the enzymes and other proteins required to build and maintain cells
6. DNA ligase:Enzyme that seals new base-pairings during DNA replication.
7. DNA polymerase:Enzyme of replication and repair that assembles a new strand of DNA on a parent DNA template.
8. DNA repair:Enzyme-mediated process that fixes small-scale alterations in a DNA strand by restoring the original base sequence.
9.DNA replication :Any process by which a cell duplicates its DNA molecules before dividing.
10. guanine:Nitrogen-containing base in one of four nucleotide monomers of DNA or RNA.
11. nucleotide:Small organic compound with deoxyribose and aMonomer for adenosine phosphates, nucleotide coenzymes, and nucleic acids.
12. thymine:A nitrogen-containing base; one of the nucleotides in DNA .
13. x-ray diffraction image:Pattern that forms on film exposed to x-rays that have been directed at a molecule; reveals positions of atoms, not the molecular structure.
14. anticodon :Series of three nucleotide bases in tRNA; can base-pair with an mRNA codon.
15. base sequence:Sequential order of bases in a DNA or RNA strand.
16. base-pair substitution:One amino acid has replaced another during protein synthesis.
17. carcinogen :Any substance or agent that can trigger cancer.
18. codon: A code word for an amino acid in a polypeptide chain; a few codons also act as START or STOP signals for translation.
19. deletion:At cytological level, loss of a segment from a chromosome. At molecular level, loss of one to a few base pairs from a DNA molecule.
20. exon :One of the base sequences of an mRNA transcript that will become translated.
21. gene mutation: A small-scale change in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule.
22. genetic code :The correspondence between nucleotide triplets in DNA and specific sequences of amino acids in a polypeptide chain; the basic language of protein synthesis in cells.
23. insertion :Insertion of one to a few bases into a DNA strand., a movable attachment of muscle to bone.
24. intron :A noncoding portion of a pre-mRNA transcript; excised before translation.
25. ionizing radiation :High-energy wavelengths.
26. mRNA (messenger RNA): A single strand of ribonucleotides transcribed from DNA, then translated into a polypeptide chain.
27. mutation rate:Of a gene locus, the probability that a spontaneous mutation will occur during or between DNA replication cycles.
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